In the Solid Liquids Project I've experimented with various methods to dehydrate liqueurs into solids. I've found that not every liqueur does crystallize through conventional heating methods to boil off the alcohol and water. Ones that do not crystallize usually leave a thick, sticky, gummy glob at the bottom of their container.
I have not figured out why some liqueurs don't crystallize, though I've had some theories.
Here is my list of liqueurs I've tried to crystallize (most of them in silicone cupcake cups in the oven) and whether or not it worked.
Liqueur Crystallization
Liqueur
Crystallizes?
Notes
Campari
Yes
Midori
Yes
Amaretto
Yes
Luxardo Maraschino
Yes
Green Chartreuse
Yes
Rhum Clement Creole Shrub
Yes
Emmett's Irish Cream
Yes
Dairy
Aperol
Yes
Tuaca
Yes
Hiram Walker Triple Sec
Yes
Licor 43
Yes
Creme de Violette
Yes
DeKuyper Peppermint Schnapps
Yes
Pallini Limoncello
Yes
Beet sugar
Disaronno
Yes
Luxardo Bitter
Yes
Cointreau
Yes
Beet Sugar
Mandarin Napoleon
Yes
The King's Ginger
Yes
Wild Turkey American Honey
No
Honey
X-Rated Fusion Liqueur
No
Fruit Juice
Hypnotiq
No
Fruit Juice
Irish Mist
No
Honey
Courvoisier Rose
No
Fruit Juice
Velvet Falernum
No- Squishy, thick
Hiram Walker Gingerbread Liqueur
No- Mostly Solid
Combier Roi Rene Rouge
No- Mostly Solid
Cherry Juice?
Firelit
No- Hard puck
Potters Creme de Cacao
No-Thick, Squishy
Hiram Walker Blueberry Schnapps
No- Soft Squishy
Patron Citronge
No-Soft, squishy
Barenjager
No- Crusty top gel beneath
Honey
Drambuie
No- Crusty top gel beneath
Honey
St.Germain
No- Crusty top gel beneath
Cynar
No- Crusty top gel beneath
Solerno
No- Gel
J. Witty Chamomile
No- Crusty top thick gel beneath
Agave?
Benedictine
No- Crusty top gel beneath
Honey
Cherry Heering
No- Dense Gel
Root
No- Solid Puck
Kahlua
No- Full volume gel
Domaine de Canton
No- Gel
VEEV
No- Crisp, glassy puck
Ancho Reyes
No- Crisp, glassy puck
Creme Yvette
No- soft gel puck
Bols Yogurt
No- brown, crisp
Allspice Dram
No- thick gel
Rothman & Winter Apricot
brittle clump
Drambuie 15
No- Crisp, sticky clear candy
Pimm's
No- glassy shattering candy
It is possible that your results may differ for some of these, or that you have tried other liqueurs with successes and failures to share. If so, please let me know in the comments.
I am one lucky son-of-a-gun. This September I visited Rome and the Amalfi Coast with PalliniLimoncello. Though we began the trip in Rome and went to the Amalfi Coast later, I'll explain the process of making limoncello in the proper order.
The Lemons of the Amalfi Coast
The lemons for Pallini are sfusato ("elongated") lemons, so-named for their tapered shape. They are also sometimes called feminine lemons because each side looks like a nipple. These are slightly different from Sorrento lemons that are more football-shaped.
These lemons are low in acid; very sweet. In fact we had an unsweetened lemonade made with them. It was tart, but still drinkable. Even the pith isn't that bitter- we had a 'salad' made with these lemons soaked in balsamic vinegar and salt – and you could eat the whole thing – fruit, pith, and rind.
But for limoncello purposes, they're interested in the skin of the lemons only. The skins of sfusato lemons are highly aromatic and rich in essential oils.
These lemons grow along the Amalfi Coast in a most improbable way. Actually, the whole coast doesn't make much sense – it is all incredibly steep and rocky, with sharp inclines from the mountains down to the ocean. Picture the drive along Highway 1 in California if people had build houses all the way down to the ocean.
Carved into the cliffs are terraced gardens on which they grow lemons, along with eggplants, grapes, tomatoes, olives, and everything else you can think of. It's a surprisingly productive area given that the base is just rocks.
But the cliff-side growing arrangement means lots and lots of sunshine for these plants. The lemons grow so big and so productively that if these were just normal trees growing on their own, the branches would almost surely snap beneath the weight of the fruit.
Thus the farmers have developed a system to support the lemon tree branches, a pergola made of chestnut wood. This forms a lemon tree umbrella of sorts, with hundreds of huge lemons dangling from above.
(Bonus cat picture!)
The terraced lemon groves present some difficulties in harvesting, as you'd imagine. The lemons are all picked by hand as they ripen, then must be carried uphill to the next road that can be pretty far when you've got a heavy crate of lemons on your back.
Processing Lemons
After the lemons are harvested, they're transported by truck along the windy (and terrifying to those of us scared of heights) road to the processing center. We visited the one Pallini uses: CastierAgrumi De Riso.
When the lemons come in to the factory, they are first washed and then sorted. The very best lemons are sold in crates to stores and restaurants. The rest are peeled to make limoncello.
To do this, they use a machine that peels two lemons at a time. It is hand-loaded and seems to frequently jam – no wonder with sticky, oily peels involved. In this video, you can see the machine working.
The peels that come out are then vacuum-sealed into bags and sent to Pallini to use.
Making Limoncello
Pallini's distillery (it's not actually a distillery as they don't distill there but a rectification plant; still I'll call it a distillery for the sake of clarity) is where they make limoncello from the lemon peels.
Though once there were 30 distilleries in Rome, Pallini is the only one left. Originally, the distillery was located a few hundred yards from the Pantheon in central Rome but now it is in an industrial park-type area a good 30-40 minutes drive from the city center.
To make the limoncello, first they soak the peels in high-proof alcohol (I think around 96%) to extract their flavor. Though they didn't tell us the exact time, I inferred the extraction takes less than a couple of days.
Then they blend this concentrated lemon alcohol with more neutral alcohol (that is distilled from Italian sugar beet molasses), water, and a sugar syrup (made from crystallized sugar beet sugar). To make the flavor pop, they also add essential oils from the same lemons.
Somewhere in the process, they homogenize the ingredients so they retain a fresh flavor and do not separate or oxidize. We tasted several other brands of limoncello and most had a slightly musty flavor of oxidation compared to Pallini.
Other Products
Pallini also makes a Raspicello (useful as a Chambord substitute, or perhaps in a Bramble?) and a Peachcello (for the Bellini). These are actually made by distilling the berries and peaches, and adding fruit juice or fresh berries back in at bottling time. The production seemed pretty interesting but we didn't go into it in detail.
Pallini makes around 150 products, which you'd never guess given the size of the distillery. The most famous one, however, is SambucaRomana. They created this brand but sold it to Diageo in the 1980s. They still produce it for Diageo though. It's actually a pretty interesting product on its own; a blend of distillates from three kinds of anise, elderflower, angelica, and other herbs and spices.
Anyway, that's it for my Pallini trip. Limoncello is an incredibly straight-forward liqueur made from very special lemons grown in an absolutely stunning place.